理论与方法专栏 | 牛津心理语言学手册
编者按
《理论语言学五道站》（2020年第53期，总第117期）理论与方法专栏为大家推荐英国约克大学心理学副教授Shirley-Ann Rueschemeyer、心理学教授M. Gareth gaskell 主编的著作：The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics（《牛津心理语言学手册》）。手册于2018年在Oxford University Press出版。
著作简介
The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics
《牛津心理语言学手册》
摘要：
人类的典型特质之一是能快速、灵活地进行“口头表达”和“书面交流”。然而，至于这一交流过程是怎样推进的，对于人类来说仍是未解之谜。心理语言学致力于探索人类语言机制及其内在表征。近几十年来，作为交叉学科，心理语言学取得了巨大成就：包括拓展了原有的研究基础，及结合了脑成像和计算机建模等新兴实验技术。心理语言学的发展极大地促进了人类对大脑语言结构的理解。
此版对该领域的发展进行了全面回顾，整合了心理语言学领域八十余位专家的观点，具有极强的权威性。本书共分为五个部分，涵盖了心理学、语言学、认知神经科学、遗传学和神经心理学等领域。其内容丰富、涉及面广、排版简洁，是心理学、语言学和神经科学等领域学生和学者们的必读书目。
Abstract:
The ability to communicate quickly and flexibly through both spoken and written language is one of the defining characteristics of the human race. Yet it remains a mysterious process. The science of psycholinguistics attempts to uncover the mechanisms and representations underlying human language. This interdisciplinary field has seen massive developments over the last decades, with a broad expansion of the research base, and the incorporation of new experimental techniques such as brain imaging and computational modelling. The result is that real progress is being made in the understanding of the key components of language in the mind.
This new and expanded edition of The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics brings together the views of over 80 experts in various domains of psycholinguistic research, offering a comprehensive and authoritative review of the field. With contributions from the fields of psychology, linguistics, cognitive neuroscience, attention, genetics, development, and neuropsychology divided into five themed sections, this new edition of The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics is unparalleled in its breadth of coverage.The comprehensive nature of this book coupled with the accessibility of the short chapter format makes this handbook essential reading for students and researchers in the fields of psychology, linguistics and neuroscience.
近几十年来，认知心理学和心理语言学飞速发展。自十年前此书的第一版出版以来，该领域迎来了翻天覆地的变化：实验方法的进步、各领域认知专家的觉醒（尤其是意识到认知领域之间彼此的联系）都促进了心理语言学的发展。作为心理语言学家，我们仍然关注语言是如何工作的；然而，不将注意、记忆、视觉处理、社会认知等因素考虑在内，我们给出的答案就无法自圆其说。最初，人们将语言当成一个符号系统来研究。而近年来，越来越多的研究者研究人类通过语言进行交流的过程。该手册展示了心理语言学领域非凡的进步。虽然众多章节仍然主要讨论了传统心理语言学，但是，本书的许多作者都采取了新的视角：他们借助新兴的实验技术手段，将自身研究领域与其他不同领域相结合，从而促进了自身领域研究的进步。
此版手册共分为五个部分。前两部分综述了传统心理语言学有关内容，具体包括次亚词汇声学处理、词汇理解和产出、复杂句子处理、以及语言理解和产出的关系等。第三部分为新增内容，探究语言作为沟通工具，如何在社交中发挥作用，这反映了心理语言学与社会语境的关系。第四部分从个体和系统两个角度展望了语言的发展。前一版探究了不同领域语言的变化，相比之下，第二版加强了对语言演变的关注。最后一部分概述了近年来研究语言的新技术：实现了从旧方法（如统计学）到全新方法（如颅内电生理学）的转变。总而言之，在现有研究基础上，此书为读者提供了全面清晰的综述概述，旨在启发人们用新兴技术研究语言，同时思考语言和相关认知领域的关系。
The past decades have been an exciting time to work both in cognitive psychology and in psycholinguistics.In the 10 years since the publication of the first edition of this book, we’ve seen incredibly rapid changes in our field. Some of these changes have been driven by advances in experimental methods; others have been driven by the growing desire of cognitive scientists in all areas of research to understand their own field in relation to other cognitive domains. As psycholinguists, we remain fundamentally interested in how language works, but we recognize that the answers to our questions cannot be answered without considering how attention, memory, visual processing, social cognition, and so on, work as well. In addition, a growing number of researchers are interested in moving away from understanding language as a system of symbols to understanding how we achieve communication through language. In the current edition of this Handbook, we’ve tried to capture these exciting areas of growth; while many chapters cover traditional areas of psycholinguistics, wherever possible the authors explore new insights that novel experimental techniques and connections with other research domains have contributed to their own field.
The current edition is organized in five sections. In the first two sections (Language comprehension, Language production) an overview of traditional psycholinguistic domains is provided. Here, the reader can find excellent overviews of language research ranging from sublexical acoustic processing, through word comprehension and production, to the processing of complex sentences. In addition, links between language comprehension and production are explored. Section III looks at how we use language as a communicative tool in social interactions. This is a new section for the Handbook, and reflects the growing movement we see in our field to understand language in the social context. The fourth section looks at language development from both an ontogenetic and a phylogenetic perspective. This enhances focus on the evolution of language in comparison with the first edition, which reflects movement in the field to explore language in the context of other relevant domains. The final section explicitly outlines some of the novel techniques that have been used to investigate language over the past decade: authors present work ranging from new twists on older methods (e.g., statistical advances in language research) to completely novel methods (e.g., intracranial electrophysiology in the study of language). In sum, the Handbook aims to provide readers with an excellent overview of established research, but also to ignite interest in thinking about how language can be studied in novel ways and in relation to other cognitive domains.
- Shirley-Ann Rueschemeyer -
Shirley-ann rueschemeyer 是英国约克大学的心理学副教授。她在德国雷根斯堡大学获得了学士学位，在德国莱比锡的马克斯 · 普朗克人类认知和脑科学研究所取得博士学位，曾是德国奈梅亨的唐德斯认知中心的研究员。研究领域主要为社会在语言理解中的应用、语言理解中的神经关系，以及“双语”语言理解。
Shirley-Ann Rueschemeyer is an Associate Professor in Psychology at the University of York, UK. She received her first degree from the University of Regensburg in Germany. She completed her PhD at the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany, and spent several years as a research fellow at the Donders Centre for Cognition in Nijmegen, NL. Her research has focused on understanding the role of the social world in language comprehension, the neural correlates of language comprehension, and bilingual language comprehension.
- M. Gareth gaskell -
M. Gareth gaskell 是英国约克大学的心理学教授。他在英国剑桥大学获得学士学位、英国伦敦大学伯贝克学院获得博士学位。M. Gareth gaskell教授对心理语言学和记忆研究都有浓厚的兴趣，尤其关注两者之间的相互作用。他开发了一个口语-书面语识别模型，并研究多种语言之间口语和书面语的感知和产生过程。近来，他主要探索了“睡眠”在成人和儿童学习、和巩固语言知识过程中的作用。
M. Gareth gaskell is a Professor of Psychology at the University of York, UK. He received his first degree from Cambridge University, UK and was awarded a PhD from Birkbeck College, University of London, UK. Professor Gaskell has strong interests in both psycholinguistics and memory, with a particular focus on the interface between the two. He has developed a model of spoken-word recognition, and has studied written and spoken language perception and production across a wide range of languages. More recently he has explored the involvement of sleep in the process of learning and consolidating linguistic knowledge in adults and children.
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编辑：王秋梅 田英慧
排版：王秋梅 安镜儒
审校：王丽媛 陈旭